Last data update: Apr 22, 2024. (Total: 46599 publications since 2009)
Records 1-4 (of 4 Records) |
Query Trace: Mailu E[original query] |
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Diarrhea in young children from low-income countries leads to large-scale alterations in intestinal microbiota composition.
Pop M , Walker AW , Paulson J , Lindsay B , Antonio M , Hossain MA , Oundo J , Tamboura B , Mai V , Astrovskaya I , Corrada Bravo H , Rance R , Stares M , Levine MM , Panchalingam S , Kotloff K , Ikumapayi UN , Ebruke C , Adeyemi M , Ahmed D , Ahmed F , Alam MT , Amin R , Siddiqui S , Ochieng JB , Ouma E , Juma J , Mailu E , Omore R , Morris JG , Breiman RF , Saha D , Parkhill J , Nataro JP , Stine OC . Genome Biol 2014 15 (6) R76 BACKGROUND: Diarrheal diseases continue to contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in infants and young children in developing countries. There is an urgent need to better understand the contributions of novel, potentially uncultured, diarrheal pathogens to severe diarrheal disease, as well as distortions in normal gut microbiota composition that might facilitate severe disease. RESULTS: We use high throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to compare fecal microbiota composition in children under five years of age who have been diagnosed with moderate to severe diarrhea (MSD) with the microbiota from diarrhea-free controls. Our study includes 992 children from four low-income countries in West and East Africa, and Southeast Asia. Known pathogens, as well as bacteria currently not considered as important diarrhea-causing pathogens, are positively associated with MSD, and these include Escherichia/Shigella, and Granulicatella species, and Streptococcus mitis/pneumoniae groups. In both cases and controls, there tend to be distinct negative correlations between facultative anaerobic lineages and obligate anaerobic lineages. Overall genus-level microbiota composition exhibit a shift in controls from low to high levels of Prevotella and in MSD cases from high to low levels of Escherichia/Shigella in younger versus older children; however, there was significant variation among many genera by both site and age. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings expand the current understanding of microbiota-associated diarrhea pathogenicity in young children from developing countries. Our findings are necessarily based on correlative analyses and must be further validated through epidemiological and molecular techniques. |
Kenya tuberculosis prevalence survey 2016: Challenges and opportunities of ending TB in Kenya
Enos M , Sitienei J , Ong'ang'o J , Mungai B , Kamene M , Wambugu J , Kipruto H , Manduku V , Mburu J , Nyaboke D , Ngari F , Omesa E , Omale N , Mwirigi N , Okallo G , Njoroge J , Githiomi M , Mwangi M , Kirathe D , Kiplimo R , Ndombi A , Odeny L , Mailu E , Kandie T , Maina M , Kasera K , Mulama B , Mugi B , Weyenga H . PLoS One 2018 13 (12) e0209098 BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the prevalence of pulmonary TB amongst the adult population (>/=15 years) in 2016 in Kenya. METHOD: A nationwide cross-sectional survey where participants first underwent TB symptom screening and chest x-ray. Subsequently, participants who reported cough >2weeks and/or had a chest x-ray suggestive of TB, submitted sputum specimen for laboratory examination by smear microscopy, culture and Xpert MTB/RIF. RESULT: The survey identified 305 prevalent TB cases translating to a prevalence of 558 [95%CI 455-662] per 100,000 adult population. The highest disease burden was reported among people aged 25-34 years (716 [95% CI 526-906]), males (809 [(95% CI 656-962]) and those who live in urban areas (760 [95% CI 539-981]). Compared to the reported TB notification rate for Kenya in 2016, the prevalence to notification ratio was 2.5:1. The gap between the survey prevalence and notification rates was highest among males, age groups 25-34, and the older age group of 65 years and above. Only 48% of the of the survey prevalent cases reported cough >2weeks. In addition, only 59% of the identified cases had the four cardinal symptoms for TB (cough >/=2 weeks, fever, night sweat and weight loss. However, 88.2% had an abnormal chest x-ray suggestive of TB. The use of Xpert MTB/RIF identified 77.7% of the cases compared to smear microscopy's 46%. Twenty-one percent of the survey participants with respiratory symptoms reported to have sought prior health care at private clinics and chemists. Among the survey prevalent cases who reported TB related symptoms, 64.9% had not sought any health care prior to the survey. CONCLUSION: This survey established that TB prevalence in Kenya is higher than had been estimated, and about half of the those who fall ill with the disease each year are missed. |
Evaluation of the point-of-care Becton Dickinson Veritor Rapid influenza diagnostic test in Kenya, 2013-2014
Ndegwa LK , Emukule G , Uyeki TM , Mailu E , Chaves SS , Widdowson MA , Lewa BV , Muiruri FK , Omoth P , Fields B , Mott JA . BMC Infect Dis 2017 17 (1) 60 BACKGROUND: We evaluated the performance of the Becton Dickinson Veritor System Flu A + B rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) to detect influenza viruses in respiratory specimens from patients enrolled at five surveillance sites in Kenya, a tropical country where influenza seasonality is variable. METHODS: Nasal swab (NS) and nasopharyngeal (NP)/oropharyngeal (OP) swabs were collected from patients with influenza like illness and/or severe acute respiratory infection. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the RIDT using NS specimens were evaluated against nasal swabs tested by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The performance parameter results were expressed as 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated using binomial exact methods, with P < 0.05 considered significant. Two-sample Z tests were used to test for differences in sample proportions. Analysis was performed using SAS software version 9.3. RESULTS: From July 2013 to July 2014, 3,569 patients were recruited, of which 78.7% were aged <5 years. Overall, 14.4% of NS specimens were influenza-positive by RIDT. RIDT overall sensitivity was 77.1% (95% CI 72.8-81.0%) and specificity was 94.9% (95% CI 94.0-95.7%) compared to rRT-PCR using NS specimens. RIDT sensitivity for influenza A virus compared to rRT-PCR using NS specimens was 71.8% (95% CI 66.7-76.4%) and was significantly higher than for influenza B which was 43.8% (95% CI 33.8-54.2%). PPV ranged from 30%-80% depending on background prevalence of influenza. CONCLUSION: Although the variable seasonality of influenza in tropical Africa presents unique challenges, RIDTs may have a role in making influenza surveillance sustainable in more remote areas of Africa, where laboratory capacity is limited. |
Survey of culture, golden gate assay, universal biosensor assay, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing as alternative methods of bacterial pathogen detection
Lindsay B , Pop M , Antonio M , Walker AW , Mai V , Ahmed D , Oundo J , Tamboura B , Panchalingam S , Levine MM , Kotloff K , Li S , Magder LS , Paulson JN , Liu B , Ikumapayi U , Ebruke C , Dione M , Adeyemi M , Rance R , Stares MD , Ukhanova M , Barnes B , Lewis I , Ahmed F , Alam MT , Amin R , Siddiqui S , Ochieng JB , Ouma E , Juma J , Mailu E , Omore R , O'Reilly CE , Hannis J , Manalili S , Deleon J , Yasuda I , Blyn L , Ranken R , Li F , Housley R , Ecker DJ , Hossain MA , Breiman RF , Morris JG , McDaniel TK , Parkhill J , Saha D , Sampath R , Stine OC , Nataro JP . J Clin Microbiol 2013 51 (10) 3263-9 Cultivation-based assays combined with PCR or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based methods for finding virulence factors are standard methods for detecting bacterial pathogens in stools; however, with emerging molecular technologies, new methods have become available. The aim of this study was to compare four distinct detection technologies for the identification of pathogens in stools from children under 5 years of age in The Gambia, Mali, Kenya, and Bangladesh. The children were identified, using currently accepted clinical protocols, as either controls or cases with moderate to severe diarrhea. A total of 3,610 stool samples were tested by established clinical culture techniques: 3,179 DNA samples by the Universal Biosensor assay (Ibis Biosciences, Inc.), 1,466 DNA samples by the GoldenGate assay (Illumina), and 1,006 DNA samples by sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Each method detected different proportions of samples testing positive for each of seven enteric pathogens, enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shigella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica, and Aeromonas spp. The comparisons among detection methods included the frequency of positive stool samples and kappa values for making pairwise comparisons. Overall, the standard culture methods detected Shigella spp., EPEC, ETEC, and EAEC in smaller proportions of the samples than either of the methods based on detection of the virulence genes from DNA in whole stools. The GoldenGate method revealed the greatest agreement with the other methods. The agreement among methods was higher in cases than in controls. The new molecular technologies have a high potential for highly sensitive identification of bacterial diarrheal pathogens. |
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